Crossed Swords or The Lincoln Douglas Debates

Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within

Author: Shuja Nawaz

Based on 30 years of research and analysis, this definitive book is a profound, multi-layered, and historical analysis of the nature and role of the Pakistan army in the country's polity as well as its turbulent relationship with the United States. Shuja Nawaz examines the army and Pakistan in both peace and war. Using many hitherto unpublished materials from the archives of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the General Headquarters of the Pakistan Army, as well as interviews with key military and political figures in Pakistan and the United States, he sheds light not only on the Pakistan Army and its US connections but also on Pakistan as a key Muslim country in one of the world's toughest neighborhoods. In doing so, he lays bare key facts about Pakistan's numerous wars with India and its many rounds of political musical chairs, as well as the Kargil conflict of 1999. He then draws lessons from this history that may help Pakistan end its wars within and create a stabler political entity.

Table of Contents:

List of Photographs     ix
List of Acronyms     x
Preface and Acknowledgements     xv
Dramatis Personae     xxi
Introduction: From 786 to the Age of Terror     xxvii
In History Bound     1
A Difficult Birth     27
The First Kashmir War     42
The Legacy of Conflict: Chaos and Ambitions     76
Courting Uncle Sam     92
Things Fall Apart     122
The First Coup     139
Martial Law and the Search for Legitimacy     170
Wars and Consequences     192
September 1965 and Ayub's Fall     219
Untied Pakistan: How to Break Up a Country     249
Wars and Consequences Redux     282
Bhutto Rules     320
Guardians of the Faith     359
The Troika's Musical Chairs     411
Systemic Failures: The Wars Within     465
The Liberal Autocrat     506
Today and Tomorrow     567
Appendices
Timeline: Key Events-Pakistan and Its Army     587
Primary Sources     595
Investigation into the Death of General Asif Nawaz     599
Select Bibliography     608
Index     620

Book about: Macs For Dummies or How to Cheat in Flash CS3

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Author: Abraham Lincoln

While the debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas are undoubtedly the most celebrated in American history, they may also be the most consequential as well. For the issues so fiercely debated in 1858 were about various interrelated aspects of one momentous, nation-threatening issue: slavery. The contest between Lincoln and Douglas became a testing ground for the viability of conflicting ideals in a nation deeply divided. One of the most colorful and engaging episodes in American history, this series of debates is of enduring interest as an illuminating instance of the ever-recurring dilemma of self-government: what happens when the guiding principle of democracy, "popular sovereignty," confronts a principled stand against a "moral, social, and political evil"? The tragic answer in this case came three years later: civil war.

Important as they are, the Lincoln-Douglas debates have long since ceased to be self-explanatory. This edition is the first to provide a text founded on all known records, rather than following one or another of the partisan and sometimes widely-varying newspaper accounts. Meticulously edited and annotated, it provides numerous aids to help the modern reader understand the debates, including extensive introductory material, commentary, and a glossary. The fullest and most dependable edition of the Lincoln-Douglas debates ever prepared, this edition brings readers as close as possible to the original words of these two remarkable men.